6. HEDGING
The group of 11 words called modals can help you avoid over-generalisation as they express degrees of certainty and possibility, thereby avoiding making statements which claim too much or suggest you know everything about a subject.
The 11 modals are:
CAN MAY COULD MIGHT WILL
WOULD SHALL SHOULD, OUGHT TO MUST NEEDN'T
By far the most useful modal verbs are CAN, MAY, COULD and MIGHT. If you say something IS true you may well be guilty of over-generalisation. If you say something MAY or MIGHT be true you avoid this problem.
- It could/might be said that ....
- It seems/appears ...
- It is generally thought/considered ......
- Some/many people think/believe ......
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7. CITING RESEARCH
- It has been found that
- Research has shown that
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8. MAKING HYPOTHESES
- If, then
- Assuming that
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9. STATING CONDITIONS
- Given that
- Provided that
- Granted that
- If it is the case that& then翻譯社
___________________________________________
10. GIVING EXAMPLES
- For example/instance
- In this situation/case
- To illustrate
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11. ADDING INFORMATION
- Again/ besides/ equally important/ in addition/ further/ furthermore/ moreover
- It must also be noted/ remembered that
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12. DISCUSSION MARKERS
- On the one hand, on the other hand
- Although it may be true that....however
- Whilst it is generally agreed that
- There exists a contradiction between ..... and
- Those in favour of/ Supporters/Advocates of
- Those opposed to/ Critics of
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13. RE-PHRASING
- In other words
- To put it another way
- That is to say
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14. EVALUATIVE LANGUAGE.
This is used to show more clearly what you think about different points. Do you already use these words? Could you use them more?
Positive adjectives: remarkable, innovative, complex, interesting, profound翻譯社 comprehensive, powerful翻譯社 rigorous, systematic翻譯社 useful翻譯社 sensitive, reliable, logical翻譯社
Negative adjectives: flawed, modest, unsatisfactory翻譯社 inadequate, limited, restricted
Nouns: synthesis, survey, topic, study, review, history, concept, area翻譯社 theme, overview, analysis翻譯社 system
Verbs: explain, discuss翻譯社 study, present, describe, bring into focus, consider翻譯社 explore翻譯社 illuminate翻譯社 introduce翻譯社 analyse翻譯社 constitute
Examples:
- The UNO has published an interesting survey...
- It presents a useful concept...
- However, the study is limited in that...
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15. REPEATING
In general, DON'T! Try to organise your writing so that you stick to one point at a time. But if you must, you can use phrases such as:
- To return to an earlier point
- As noted before/above
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16. SUMMING UP
- Briefly, we can say/ it can be said that
- To sum up
- Hence/therefore/accordingly/ consequently
- The evidence suggests, therefore
- In general what this means/ suggests/ indicates is
- It is clear from the above that
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17. CONCLUSION
- To conclude/In conclusion,
英文論文寫作經常使用句子
Here are suggestions for using words and phrases which could improve your academic writing structure and style significantly.
1. INTRODUCTION
- This essay will deal with the following aspects of the question...
- The aim of this essay is ......
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2. GIVING AN OVERVIEW OF THE ESSAY CONTENT
- In order to link.... with ....翻譯社 the background to ... will be briefly outlined.
- The first part of the analysis will examine....
- The second part of this analysis will consider...
- The final level of the analysis consists of...
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3. MAKING A POINT
- It is clear/ noticeable that...
- It is necessary/ important/ useful/ interesting/to note/point out/ highlight/ emphasise that
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4. EMPHASIS MARKERS show clearly what you think is most important but allow you to avoid personal language such as 'I think'
Adjectives: main, crucial, important, significant, key, essential
Nouns: focus, element翻譯社 concept翻譯社 theory翻譯社 aspect翻譯社 part, idea, point, argument, discussion, debate
Verbs: to emphasise, to summarise, to focus翻譯社 to highlight
Examples:
- The key aspect of this argument is
- The most crucial point made so far
- It is worth noting that
- Another relevant point is that
___________________________________________
5. INTRODUCING A NEW IDEA
- Turning now to the question of
- Bearing in mind the previous points翻譯社
- Having considered (X)
- With regard to
- As far as ....... is concerned ___________________________________________
以下內文出自: http://blog.sina.com.tw/snapshot/article.php?entryid=582056有關各國語文翻譯公證的問題歡迎諮詢天成翻譯公司02-77260931
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