In Gile’s Effort Model, simultaneous interpreting is accomplished by the sharing of cognitive resources among four major efforts: listening and analyzing, production, memory and coordination.
2.1用單字或片語描寫一系列項目(items in a series)、也就是有三個以上的單字或片語所構成的項目時,需要用逗號將各個項目離隔。而且在最後一個項今朝的毗連詞(conjunction)之前平日會加逗號。如以下例句:
申明: 針對此種系列逗號(serial comma),英國作家Truss(2003)認為英國的標準用法是省略毗連詞前的逗號,而美國的標準用法倒是要加上逗號,兩種都有許多人利用翻譯筆者以為毗鄰詞之前加了逗號可明確奉告讀者列系中總共有幾項,句意會更清晰,例如上句若是and之前加了逗號,讀者輕易解讀為共有(1)cultures, (2) values, (3)attitudes三項;若是不加逗號,就有可能看成(1)culture, (2)value and attitude兩個項目翻譯
Audio interaction via a telephone or microphone brings different challenges to distance instructors翻譯社 for it has a high potential for confusion翻譯社chaos翻譯社or boredom.
More diverse views are heard from authors from the rest of the world such as Europe, Asia翻譯社Australia翻譯社etc.
說明:上句中一系列的項目中呈現兩個毗鄰詞and以及兩個逗號,讀者不輕易判定項目之間的關係。幸而句前已提到有四種努力,但讀者仍是得略微注意一下才能把listening and analyzing視作一項,而把memory and coordination分為兩項。如果我們在最後一個毗鄰詞and之前再加一個逗號,變成listening and analyzing, production, memory, and coordination,全部系列的項目加倍輕易領會翻譯
以下再舉一例申明毗連詞之前加逗號會使句意加倍明白:
Snow翻譯社 Federico翻譯社 and Montague (2009) conducted a series of studies based on the MICASE corpus.
申明:在陳說三位以上研究者所作研究時,每位研究者的姓名要用逗號分隔隔離分散,而最後一位研究者前加連接詞and。若是只有兩位研究者,就不需要加逗號寫成*Federico, and Montague (2009)…。
The procedures for writing a paper include (1) choosing a topic, (2) preparing a working bibliography, (3) collecting information, (4) outlining the paper, (5) drafting the paper, and (6) preparing the final copy.
*More diverse views are heard from authors from the rest of the world such as Europe, Asia, Australia, and etc.
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